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Unit 19
19-1 Helicopter by Igor Sikorsky
Helicopter
Different from an airplane, a helicopter relies on rotors to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward backward and laterally. Because of its flexibility, it allows taking off and landing at limited areas. Therefore, helicopters are often used for rescues or ironically wars.
The earliest reference for vertical flight originated from bamboo copter developed in 400 BC. The theory of the bamboo copter is to spin the stick attached to a rotor. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. This is the origin of the helicopter development which scientists all over the world spent hundreds of years developing so that we can have helicopter today.
About a thousand years later, Leonardo da Vinci created a design that was made towards vertical flight called “aerial screw”. Another 300 years later, Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov developed a small coaxial modeled and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy. It was another 100 years later, in 1861, the word “helicopter” was named by a French inventor, Gustave de Ponton dAmecourt, who made a small, steam powered helicopter made with aluminum, although this model never lifted off the ground.
Since then, helicopter development was going on all over the world. From the United States, to England, France, Denmark and even Russia. But it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached a full-scale production. The most common helicopter configuration had a single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor, unlike the earlier designs that had multiple rotor.
Centuries of development later, the invention of helicopter improves the transportation of people and cargo, uses for military, construction, firefighting, research, rescue, medical transport, and many others. The contributions are uncountable.
直升機
與飛機不同，直升機依靠螺旋槳起飛，垂直降落，懸停，前進後退和橫向飛行。由於它的靈活性，它允許在有限的區域內起飛和降落。因此，直升機常常被用於救援或很諷刺的被用在戰爭裡。
信不信由你，我們大家都非常熟悉的垂直飛行最早的參考。就是竹蜻蜓，這是在公元400年前就開發出來，我們都玩過的玩具。竹蜻蜓的理論是旋轉連在螺旋槳上的竹籤。因為旋轉造成懸浮力，因此玩具在被釋放時會飛起。這是直升機開發的起源，科學家在世界各地花了幾百年開發，以至於我們能擁有今天的直升機。
大約一千年以後，達芬奇創造了一個垂直飛行的設計，稱為空中螺絲”。300年後，俄羅斯科學家米哈伊爾•羅蒙諾索夫開發了一個小型的同軸建模並在俄羅斯科學院展示。再100年後，於1861年，法國發明家，古斯塔夫•德龐頓做了一個小型蒸汽動力的鋁製直升機，他也是第一個命名“直升機”的人。雖然如此，這個模型卻永遠無法離開地面。此後，直升機在世界各地不停的發展，有來自美國，英國，法國，丹麥，甚至俄羅斯。直到1942年由伊戈爾•西科斯基設計的直升機才達到全面性的生產。最常見的直升機配置有具有抗扭矩尾槳和單一主螺旋槳。不同於早期的設計，有多個螺旋槳。
幾個世紀的發展之後，直升機的發明提高了人員和貨物的運輸，使用於軍事，建築，消防，科研，救護，醫療轉運，和許多其他地方。它的貢獻是不可數計的。
Igor Sikorsky
Some people might recognize the name of Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky from the public airport in Fairfield County, Connecticut. No doubt that due to the great contributions from Sikorsky to the aviation industry, the airport of his hometown decided to name after him.
Sikorsky was born in Kiev, Russian Empire, on May 25th, 1889. In 1900, he went to Germany with his father who was a physics, and became interested in natural sciences. He began to experiment with flying machines and made a small rubber band powered helicopter at the age of 12. At the age of 14, he joined the Saint Petersburg Imperial Russian Naval Academy but resigned in a few years because he decided to study in Engineering instead. In 1908, he learned about the Wright brother’s Flyer and Ferdinand von Zeppelin’s dirigible, he immediately decided to study aviation and concentrate on aviation research for his entire life. A year later, he enrolled in ETACA engineering school in Paris to study aeronautics. At that time, Paris was the center of the aviation world.
From 1909 to 1942, Sikorsky designed or helped designed at least 11 different kinds of aircrafts. Sikorsky immigrated to the United States in 1919 and founded his first company “the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation” in 1923. 1930, he developed the first of Pan American Airways’ ocean-conquering flying boats. And in 1939, he designed the first viable helicopter named VS-300. The prototype worked fine but was not suitable for mass production. Therefore, Sikorsky used 3 years to do the modification and created the Sikorsky R-4, which became the world’s first mass-produced helicopter.
Sikorsky passed away in 1972 at his hometown Connecticut.
伊戈爾•西科斯基
有些人可能會從康乃狄克州費爾菲爾德縣的公共機場那裡認出“伊戈爾•伊万諾維奇•西科斯基”這個名字。毫無疑問的，由於西科斯基對航空業的巨大貢獻，家鄉的機場決定以他的名字來命名。
西科斯基在1889年5月25日，出生於俄羅斯的基輔。在1900年，他與擔任物理學家的父親以起前往德國，並開始對自然科學產生極大的興趣。在12歲時，他便開始試驗飛行器，並做了一個小型的橡皮筋動力直升機。在14歲時，他加入了俄羅斯聖彼得海軍學院，但在短短幾年內就休學，因為他決定專攻電機。而在 1908年時，他得知萊特兄弟和斐迪南•馮•齊柏林的飛船，他立即決定學習航空。專注於航空研究成為了他生活的一切。一年後，他就到巴黎專攻航空學，就讀於ETACA工程學。當時，巴黎是世界的航空中心。
1909年至1942年，西科斯基設計或幫忙設計了至少11個不同類型的飛機。西科斯基於1919年移民美國，並在1923年創辦了他的第一家公司“西科斯基飛機公司”。1930年，他研製出第一台泛美航空公司的海洋征服飛行船。而在1939年，他設計的第一個可用的直升機，命名為VS-300。原型做得很好，但不適合大規模生產。因此，西科斯基用了3年的時間做了修改和創作西科斯基R-4，從而成為世界上第一個大規模生產的直升機。
西科斯基在1972年逝世於他的家鄉康乃狄克州。
19-2試題演練
牛刀小試
1.The French flag has three ________ stripes in white, blue and red.
a)horizontal
b)oversized
c)narrow
d)vertical
2.As a working mother, she needs to find a job with ____________ hours in order to take care of her kids.
a)fixed
b)shorten
c)flexible
d)unusual
3.___________, she rejected the job offer that everyone wanted.
a)Unfortunately
b)Ironically
c)Luckily
d)Interesting
4.Breaking News – A baby monkey was captured in the city, and later __________ in the forest.
a)released
b)reborn
c)bring
d)raise
5.Many cosmetic companies now support no scientific _____________ on animals.
a)test
b)expert
c)experiment
d)experimentation
6.She _________ from her position after knowing she is pregnant.
a)stop
b)quit
c)resigned
d)dropped
7.It takes a lot of courage to _________ your fear.
a)facing
b)brave
c)conquer
d)ignore
8.Many people prefer to _________ the car engine in order to increase the horse power.
a)modification
b)modify
c)magnify
d)magnification
題目解析
1.(d)。空白處應填入“垂直的”，所以解答為vertical，表示法國國旗須有3個條紋白、藍和紅。
2.(c)。由句意及字彙我們可以挑選出flexible為最適合的選項。
3.(b)。句首應使用副詞做為強調，因此d可以先刪除。而由句意來看，ironically是最好的答案。
4.(a)。此句為過去式，因此選項為a或b，而由句意來看只有released為過去式動詞，故其為正確答案。
5.(d)。空白應填入名詞，又由語句裡可得知experimentation是正確答案。
6.(c)。辭去工作，一般使用“resign from”，因此c為正確答案。表示在得知她懷孕時，她辭職了。
7.(c)。由字意來看，空格應填入“面對”或“克服”一詞，但選項中的facing在文法上是錯誤的，因此正確答案為conquer。
8.(b)。空白應填入動詞，因此可以先刪除a和c。由句意和詞彙我們又可挑出modify為正確答案。表示許多人寧願修改車引擎以增加馬力。
2024專利防護中