From his first public appearance Luther won ardent supporters, for there was a gooddeal of resentment in Germany against Rome. In 1519 and 1520 he ralliedpublic opinion in a series of tracts, setting forth his main beliefs. Hedeclared that the claim of the clergy to be different from the laity was animposture. He urged people to find Christian truth in the Bible for themselves, and in the Bible only. He denounced the reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints, and Masses. He rejected the belief in purgatory. He reduced the sevensacraments to two baptism and the communion, as he called the Mass. In the latter herepudiated the new and "modern" doctrine of transubstantiation, while affirming that Godwas still somehow mysteriously present in the bread and wine. He declared that the clergyshould marry , upbraided the prelates for their luxury, and demanded that monasticism beeliminated. To drive through such reforms, while depriving the clergy of their pretensions,he called upon the temporal power, the princes of Germany. He thus issued an invitation tothe state to assume control over religion, an invitation which, in the days of the NewMonarchy, a good many rulers were enthusiastically willing to accept. Threatened by a papal bull with excommunication unless he recanted, Luthersolemnly and publicly burned the bull. Excommunication followed. To the emperor,Charles V, now fell the duty of apprehending the heretic and repressing the heresy. Lutherwas summoned to appear before a diet of the Empire, held at Worms in the Rhineland. Hedeclared that he could be convinced only by Scripture or right reason; otherwise "I neithercan nor will recant anything, since it is neither right nor safe to act against conscience. Godhelp me！Amen." He was placed under the ban of the Empire. But the Elector of Saxonyand other north German princes took him under their protection. In safe seclusion, hebegan to translate the Bible into ……

From his first public appearance Luther won ardent supporters, for there was a gooddeal of resentment in Germany against Rome. In 1519 and 1520 he ralliedpublic opinion in a series of tracts, setting forth his main beliefs. Hedeclared that the claim of the clergy to be different from the laity was animposture. He urged people to find Christian truth in the Bible for themselves, and in the Bible only. He denounced the reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints, and Masses. He rejected the belief in p...

導讀
作者簡介
簡明目錄
詳細目錄
插圖目錄
大事記、地圖、圖表、表格目錄
前言
地理與歷史
第一章歐洲的興起
　1.古代：希臘、羅馬、基督教
　2.中世紀初期：歐洲的形成
　3.中世紀盛期：世俗文明
　4.中世紀盛期：教會
第二章西方基督教世界的動亂（1300—1560年）
5.14世紀的災難
6.意大利的文藝復興
7.意大利以外地區的文藝復興
8.新型君主國
9.新教改革運動
10 .天主教的改革和改組
第三章經濟重建和宗教戰爭（1560—1648年）
11.大西洋的開放
12.商業革命
13.社會結構的變化
14.天主教西班牙的戰爭：尼德蘭與英格蘭
　15.法蘭西的解體與重建
　16.三十年戰爭（1618—1648年）：德意志的解體
第四章西歐勢力的增長（1640—1715年）
17.大君主和均勢
18.荷蘭共和國
19.英國：內戰
20.英國；議會的勝利
21.路易十四時代的法國（1743—1715年）：專制制度的勝利
22.路易十四發動的戰爭：烏得勒支和約（1713年）
第五章東歐的變化（1648— 1740年）
　23.三個衰老的帝國
　24.奧地利君主國的形成
　25.普魯士的形成
　26.俄羅斯的“西化”
第六章科學的世界觀-
　27.科學文明的先知：培根和笛卡兒
　28.牛頓之路：萬有引力定律
　29.關於人類與社會的新知識
　30.政治理論：自然法學派
第七章爭奪財富和爭奪帝國的鬥爭
　31.精英文化與大眾文化
　32.18世紀的全球經濟
　33.烏得勒支和約後的西歐（1713—1740年）
　34.18世紀中期的大戰：巴黎和約（1763年）
第八章啟蒙時代
　35.哲人與其他
　36.開明專制：法蘭西、奧地利、普魯士
　37.開明專制：俄羅斯
　38.波蘭被瓜分
　39.新的騷動：英國的改革運動
　40.美國革命
第九章法國大革命
第十章拿破崙時代的歐洲
附錄歐洲主要統治者和政權
進一步閱讀文獻
索引

導讀
作者簡介
簡明目錄
詳細目錄
插圖目錄
大事記、地圖、圖表、表格目錄
前言
地理與歷史
第一章歐洲的興起
　1.古代：希臘、羅馬、基督教
　2.中世紀初期：歐洲的形成
　3.中世紀盛期：世俗文明
　4.中世紀盛期：教會
第二章西方基督教世界的動亂（1300—1560年）
5.14世紀的災難
6.意大利的文藝復興
7.意大利以外地區的文藝復興
8.新型君主國
9.新教改革運動
10 .天主教的改革和改組
第三章經濟重建和宗教戰爭（1560—1648年）
11.大西洋的開放
12.商業革命
13.社會結構的變化
14.天主教西班牙的戰爭：尼德蘭與英格蘭
　15.法蘭西的解...