This book is a collection of seminal papers explaining the theoretical background to the notional, functional and communicative approaches to English language teaching. The papers are linked by commentaries drawing attention to points of central importance and indicating how the various ideas discussed relate to each other. Organized under four main topics 〈the linguistics background, the background to teaching, applications and techniques, educational perspectives〉, they should prove an invaluable aid for the teacher-trainee who wishes to understand the development of the ideas behind current educational theories. .. .
目錄
Acknowledgements .
Preface
SECTION ONE The linguistic background
DH Hymes：On Communicative Competence 〈extracts〉
MAK Halliday：Towards a Sociological Semantics〈extracts〉
SECTION TWO The background to teaching
HG Widdowson：Directions in the Teaching of Discourse
HG Widdowson：The Deep Structure of Discourse and the Use of Translation
Christopher N. Candlin：The Status of Pedagogical Grammars
DA Wilkins：Grammatical, Situational and Notional Syllabuses
DA Wilkins：Notional Syllabuses and the Concept of a Minimum Adequate Grammar
SECTION THREE Applications and techniques
JLM Trim：Draft Outline of a European Unit/Credit System for Modern Language Learning by Adults〈extracts〉
J. van Ek：The Threshold Level 〈extracts〉 ..
HG Widdowson：The Teaching of English as Communication
JPB Allen and HG Widdowson：Teaching the Communicative Use of English
Keith Morrow：Communicative Language Testing: Revolution or Evolution？
SECTION FOUR Methodological perspectives
Leonard Newmark：How Not to Interfere with Language Learning
Acknowledgements .
Preface
SECTION ONE The linguistic background
DH Hymes：On Communicative Competence 〈extracts〉
MAK Halliday：Towards a Sociological Semantics〈extracts〉
SECTION TWO The background to teaching
HG Widdowson：Directions in the Teaching of Discourse
HG Widdowson：The Deep Structure of Discourse and the Use of Translation
Christopher N. Candlin：The Status of Pedagogical Grammars
DA Wilkins：Grammatical, Situational and Notional Syllabuses
DA Wilkins：Notional Syllabus...
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