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Preface by Halliday
王宗炎序
Preface by Chomsky
沈家煊序
導讀
Preface
1 English Present and Future
1. The History of the English Language a Cultural Subject. 2. Influ-
ences at Work on Language. 3. Growth and Decay. 4. The Impor-
tance of a Language. 5. The Importance of English. 6. The Future
of the English Language. 7. English as a World Language. 8. Assets
and Liabilities. 9. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary. 10. Inflectional Sim-
plicity. 11. Natural Gender. 12. Liabilities.
2 The Indo-European Family of Languages
13. Language Constantly Changing. 14. Dialectal Differentiation.
15. The Discovery of Sanskrit. 16. Grimm's Law. 17. The Indo-
European Family. 18. Indian. 19. Iranian. 20. Armenian.
21. Hellenic. 22. Albanian. 23. Italic. 24. Balto-Slavic. 25. Ger-
manic. 26. Celtic. 27. Twentieth-century Discoveries. 28. The
Home of the Indo-Europeans.
3 Old English
29. The Languages in England before English. 30. The Romans in
Britain. 31. The Roman Conquest. 32. Romanization of the Island.
33. The Latin Language in Britain. 34. The Germanic Conquest.
35. Anglo-Saxon Civilization. 36. The Names "England" and
"English." 37. The Origin and Position of English. 38. The Periods
in the History of English. 39. The Dialects of Old English. 40. Some
Characteristics of Old English. 41. The Noun. 42. Grammatical
Gender. 43. The Adjective. 44. The Definite Article. 45. The Per-
sonal Pronoun. 46. The Verb. 47. The Language Hlustrated.
48. The Resourcefulness of the Old English Vocabulary. 49. Self-
explaining Compounds. 50. Prefixes and Suffixes. 51. Old English
Syntax. 52. Old English Literature.
4 Foreign Influences on Old English
53. The Contact of English with Other Languages. 54. The Celtic
Influence. 55. Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords. 56. Three
Latin Influences on Old English. 57. Chronological Criteria.
58. Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence of the Zero Period). 59.
Latin through Celtic Transmission (Latin Influence of the First Period).
60. Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of
Britain. 61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary. 63. The
Benedictine Reform. 64. Influence of the Benedictine Reform on
English. 65. The Application of Native Words to New Concepts.
66. The Extent of the Influence. 67. The Scandinavian Influence: The
Viking Age. 68. The Scandinavian Invasions of England. 69. The
Settlement of the Danes in England. 70. The Amalgamation of the
Two Peoples. 71. The Relation of the Two Languages. 72. The Tests
of Borrowed Words. 73. Scandinavian Place-Names. 74. The Ear-
liest Borrowing. 75. Scandinavian Loanwords and Their Character.
76. The Relation of Borrowed and Native Words. 77. Form Words.
78. Scandinavian Influence outside the Standard Speech. 79. Effect
on Grammar and Syntax. 80. Period and Extent of the Influence.
5 The Norman Conquest and the Subjection
of English, 1066-1200
81. The Norman Conquest. 82. The Origin of Normandy. 83. The
Year 1066. 84. The Norman Settlement. 85. The Use of French by
the Upper Class. 86. Circumstances Promoting the Continued Use of
French. 87. The Attitude toward English. 88. French Literature at
the English Court. 89. Fusion of the Two Peoples. 90. The Diffusion
of French and English. 91. Knowledge of English among the Upper
Class. 92. Knowledge of French among the Middle Class.
6 The Reestablishment of English, 1200-1500
93. Changing Conditions after 1200. 94. The Loss of Normandy.
95. Separation of the French and English Nobility. 96. French Re-
inforcements. 97. The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth
of National Feeling. 98. French Cultural Ascendancy in Europe.
99. English and French in the Thirteenth Century. 100. Attempts to
Arrest the Decline of French. 101. Provincial Character of French
in England. 102. The Hundred Years' War. 103. The Rise of the
Middle Class. 104. General Adoption of English in the Fourteenth
Century. ,105. English in the Law Courts. 106. English in the
Schools. 107. Increasing Ignorance of French in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury. 108. French as a Language of Culture and Fashion. 109. The
Use of English in Writing. 110. Middle English Literature.
7 Middle English
111. Middle English a Period of Great Change. 112. Decay of In-
flectional Endings. 113. The Noun. 114. The Adjective. 115. The
Pronoun. 116. The Verb. 117. Losses among the Strong Verbs.
118. Strong Verbs That Became Weak. 119. Survival of Strong Par-
ticiples. 120. Surviving Strong Verbs. 121. Loss of Grammatical
Gender. 122. Middle English Syntax. 123. French Influence on the
Vocabulary. 124. Governmental and Administrative Words.
125. Ecclesiastical Words. 126. Law. 127. Army and Navy.
128. Fashion, Meals, and Social Life. 129. Art, Learning, Medicine.
130. Breadth of the French Influence. 131. Anglo-Norman and Cen-
tral French. 132. Popular and Literary Borrowings. 133. The Pe-
riod of Greatest Influence. 134. Assimilation. 135. Loss of Native
Words. 136. Differentiation in Meaning. 137. Curtailment of OE
Processes of Derivation. 138. Prefixes. 139. Suffixes. 140. Self-
explaining Compounds. 141. The Language Still English. 142. Latin
Borrowings in Middle English. 143. Aureate Terms. 144. Synonyms
at Three Levels. 145. Words from the Low Countries. 146. Dialectal
Diversity of Middle English. 147. The Middle English Dialects.
148. The Rise of Standard English. 149. The Importance of London
English. 150. The Spread of the London Standard. 151. Complete
Uniformity Still Unattained.
8 The Renaissance, 1500-1650
152. Changing Conditions in the Modern Period. 153. Effect upon
Grammar and Vocabulary. 154. The Problems of the Vernaculars.
155. The Struggle for Recognition. 156. The Problem of Orthography.
157. The Problem of Enrichment. 158. The Opposition to Inkhorn
Terms. 159. The Defense of Borrowing. 160. Compromise.
161. Permanent Additions. 162. Adaptation. 163. Reintroductions
and New Meanings. 164. Rejected Words. 165. Reinforcement
through French. 166. Words from the Romance Languages.
167. The Method of Introducing the New Words. 168. Enrichment
from Native Sources. 169. Methods of Interpreting the New Words.
170. Dictionaries of Hard Words. 171. Nature and Extent of the
Movement. 172. The Movement Illustrated in Shakespeare.
173. Shakespeare's Pronunciation. 174. The Importance of Sound-
changes. 175. From Old to Middle English. 176. From Middle
English to Modern. 177. The Great Vowel Shift. 178. Weakening of
Unaccented Vowels. 179. Grammatical Features. 180. The Noun.
181. The Adjective. 182. The Pronoun. 183. The Verb. 184. Usage
and Idiom. 185. General Characteristics of the Period.
9 The Appeal to Authority, 1650-1800
186. The Impact of the Seventeenth Century. 187. The Temper of the
Eighteenth Century. 188. Its Reflection in the Attitude toward the
Language. 189. "Ascertainment." 190. The Problem of "Refining"
the Language. 191. The Desire to "Fix" the Language. 192. The
Example of ltaly and France. 193. An English Academy. 194. Swift' s
Proposal, 1712. 195. Objection to an Academy. 196. Substitutes for
an Academy. 197. Johnson's Dictionary. 198. The Eighteenth-
century Grammarians and Rhetoricians. 199. The Aims of the Gram-
marians. 200. The Beginnings of Prescriptive Grammar. 201. Meth-
ods of Approach. 202. The Doctrine of Usage. 203. Results.
204. Weakness of the Early Grammarians. 205. Attempts to Reform
the Vocabulary. 206. Objection to Foreign Borrowings. 207. The
Expansion of the British Empire. 208. Some Effects of Expansion on
the Language. 209. Development of Progressive Verb Forms.
210. The Progressive Passive.
10 The Nineteenth Century and After
211. Influences Affecting the Language. 212. The Growth of Science.
213. Automobile, Film, Broadcasting, Computer. 214. The World
Wars. 215. Language as a Mirror of Progress. 216. Sources of the
New Words: Borrowings. 217. Self-explaining Compounds.
218. Compounds Formed from Greek and Latin Elements. 219. Pre-
fixes and Suffixes. 220. Coinages. 221. Common Words from Proper
Names. 222. Old Words with New Meanings. 223. The Influence of
Journalism. 224. Changes of Meaning. 225. Slang. 226. Cultural
Levels and Functional Varieties. 227. The Standard Speech.
228. English Dialects. 229. English in the Empire. 230. Pidgins and
Creoles. 231. Spelling Reform. 232. The International Aspect.
233. Purist Efforts. 234. The Oxford English Dictionary. 235. Gram-
matical Tendencies. 236. Verb-adverb Combinations. 237. A Lib-
eral Creed.
11 The English Language in America
238. The Settlement of America. 239. The Thirteen Colonies.
240. The Middle West. 241. The Far West. 242. Uniformity of Amer-
ican English. 243. Archaic Features in American English.
244. Early Changes in the Vocabulary. 245. National Consciousness.
246. Noah Webster and an American Language. 247. Webster' s In-
fluence on American Spelling. 248. Webster's Influence on American
Pronunciation. 249. Pronunciation. 250. The Arnerican Dialects.
251. The Controversy over Americanisms. 252. The Purist Attitude.
253. Present Differentiation of Vocabulary. 254. American Words in
General English. 255. Scientific Interest in American English.
256. Is American English Good English?
APPENDIX A Specimens of the Middle English Dialects
APPENDIX B English Spelling
INDEX
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