Part 1 獨立題型篇
Unit 1 媒體類
畫面過於聳動─搭配電影：《獨家腥聞》（Nightcrawler）
話說iBT新托福寫作題目與電影或名人故事
從以下題目為例，看題目與電影《獨家腥聞》（Nightcrawler）間的關連
“The media today present too many provocative images; instead, the media should place more emphasis on the deeper meaning behind those images.” Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific details and examples to support your viewpoint.
「當今的媒體呈現太多聳動的畫面；反之，媒體應該放更多重心去探討那些畫面背後的深層意義。」你同意或不同意以上敘述？請使用精準的細節和例證支持你的論點。
劇情簡述
傑克．葛倫霍（Jake Gyllenhaal）在《獨家腥聞》（Nightcrawler（又譯《夜行者》））扮演的路易斯．布魯（Louis Bloom）是一位靠著販賣贓物維生的年輕人。一晚，他偶然撞見拍攝車禍現場血腥畫面的攝影師，決定效法並販賣血腥畫面給電視台。他視自己為充滿野心的企業家，而販賣車禍及犯罪現場的聳動畫面給電視台，的確替他賺進豐厚的收入。另一方面，新聞節目製作人尼娜因為收視率低迷，勉為其難地同意買下路易斯拍的畫面。對雙方而言，這是一場雙贏的決定。
此類題型重點句搶先看
①. Presenting provocative images has evolved into one of the fastest ways to reach consumers, though occasionally ethical questions are raised.
呈現聳動的畫面已演變成打動消費者最快速的方式，雖然偶爾道德方面的問題會被提出來。
②. News programs have no choice but to flow with the tide to boost ratings, and tabloids have to publish spine-tingling photos to increase sales.
新聞節目不得不隨波逐流地跟上這股趨勢，以提高收視率，而八卦媒體必須出版令人血脈噴張的照片，以提升銷售量。
高分範文搶先看 Track 01
Upon first glance, the statement seems like a justifiable critique, considering there's so much violence and risqué1content in the media nowadays. However, I concede that in a democratic society with limited censorship2 of the media, it is rarely the duty of the media to probe further into the concepts behind those images, and that provocative3 images are simply indicative of the vibrant competitions in the media.
First, all companies are pursuing the utmost profit, and those in the media are no exception. Besides, with the advent of the Internet, there has been an explosion of media resources, which leads to probably the fiercest competition in media history. Therefore, presenting provocative images has evolved into one of the fastest ways to reach consumers, though occasionally ethical questions are raised. For instance, advertisements often apply piquant4images to draw spectators’ attention. By the same token, news programs have no choice but to flow with the tide to boost ratings, and tabloids have to publish spine-tingling5photos to increase sales. If ethical issues are disregarded, utilizing sensational images is merely an efficient marketing strategy.
Moreover, what constitutes such images is highly disputable, as various people hold divergent standards for them. I would argue that it is not the media’s responsibility to provide deeper concepts. On the contrary, it is the viewers’ responsibility to research further should they be interested. For example, as tabloids and melodrama abound6, audience can turn to public television and education channels if they wish to have access to intellectual discourse. In other words, it is not mandatory for the media to emphasize profound meaning.
In conclusion, I disagree with the statement because it undermines7the diversity of the media. It is not the media’s job to instill8 concepts into us; rather, it is the viewers’ job to search for meaning. 乍看之下，敘述似乎是句正當的批評，考慮到當今媒體充斥著暴力和幾近傷風敗俗的內容。然而，我認為在民主社會有限的媒體審查制度之下，深入探討畫面背後的觀念並不是媒體的責任，而且聳動的畫面只是顯示媒體蓬勃的競爭現象。
首先，所有的公司都在追求最高利潤，媒體業也不例外。此外，隨著網路問世，媒體資源已呈爆炸性的發展，導致可能是媒體史上最激烈的競爭狀態。因此，呈現聳動的畫面已演變成打動消費者最快速的方式，雖然偶爾道德方面的問題會被提出來。例如，廣告常常運用辛辣刺激的畫面去吸引觀眾的注意。同理，新聞節目不得不隨波逐流地跟上這股趨勢，以提高收視率，而八卦媒體必須出版令人血脈噴張的照片，以提升銷售量。暫時忽略道德議題的話，運用聳動的畫面只是個高效率的行銷策略。
而且，這種畫面的構成元素是高度可議的，因為不同的人對這些畫面抱持的標準有所差異。我主張提供更深層的觀念並不是媒體的責任。相反地，做出更深入的探討應該是觀眾的責任，萬一他們有興趣的話。例如，雖然八卦媒體和煽情戲劇節目到處充斥，如果觀眾想要獲取知識性的內容，他們可以轉向公共電視或教育頻道。也就是說，不須強制媒體去強調深層意義。
總而言之，我不同意題目敘述，因為它輕忽了媒體的多樣性。灌輸觀念給我們並不是媒體的工作，反之，追尋意義應該是觀眾的工作。
高分範文解析
關鍵句1
Besides, with the advent of the Internet, there has been an explosion of media resources, which leads to probably the fiercest competition in media history.（此外，隨著網路問世，媒體資源已呈爆炸性的發展，導致可能是媒體史上最激烈的競爭狀態。）
解析
1. 重點：利用形容詞子句及副詞片語增加句型的豐富度。形容詞子句中的關係代名詞 which 在此代替關代之前的主要子句，即which代替「媒體資源已呈爆炸性發展」。
2. with N. （副詞片語）表隨之發生的現象。例1：With accolades from movie critics, Gyllenhaal's performance might win him the Best Actor Award, which is predicted by some journalists.（隨著影評家的讚賞，葛倫霍的表演可能為他贏得最佳男主角獎，這已被一些記者預測。）例2：With the crowning of the Best Actress Award, Jennifer Lawrence elevated her status in Hollywood, which certainly will boost her income.（隨著最佳女主角獎的加冕，珍妮佛．羅倫斯提高她在好萊塢的地位，這當然會提高她的片酬。）
關鍵句2
Moreover, what constitutes such images is highly disputable, as various people hold divergent standards for them.（而且，這種畫面的構成元素是高度可議的，因為不同的人對這些畫面抱持的標準有所差異。）
解析
1. 重點：名詞子句what constitutes such images當作第一個子句裡的主詞，視為單數，故主要動詞為is。例：What marked a milestone in Gyllenhaal’s acting career was his performance in Nightcrawler.（在葛倫霍的演藝生涯裡劃下里程碑的，是他在《獨家腥聞》裡的表演。）
重要字彙與例句
1. risqué adj. 近乎色情的，傷風敗俗的
The party was filled with risqué banter and laughter.
那場派對充斥著不正經的玩笑話和笑聲。
2. censorship n. 審查制度
The severity of censorship indicates the level of freedom of speech in a country.
在一個國家，審查制度的嚴厲暗示了言論自由的程度。
3. provocative adj. 聳動的
Applying provocative photos to boost the sales of magazines is no news nowadays.
今日，應用聳動的照片去提升雜誌的銷售量已經不是什麼新鮮事了。
4. piquant adj. 辛辣刺激的，聳動的
Celebrities with piquant language seem to be favored by the media currently.
當今言論辛辣的名人似乎比較受到媒體青睞。
5. spine-tingling adj. 令人感覺激動的
The movie provides spine-tingling sensations.
這部電影提供了令人激動的感官體驗。
6. abound vi. 豐富；富於
The philanthropist abounds in charity.
這位慈善家廣行善事，多施賙濟。
7. undermine vt. 削弱；輕忽
The king’s influence was gradually undermined after he stepped down due to health reasons.
國王的影響力漸漸式微，在他因為健康因素退位之後。
8. instill vt. 灌輸
It is not only parents’ responsibility but also educators’ to instill concepts of telling right from wrong into children.
灌輸孩子是非對錯的觀念不只是父母的責任，也是教育者的責任。
Part 2 整合題型篇
Unit 19 美國教育類
中文學習潮 The Chinese Learning Craze in the U.S.
請先閱讀一短文與題目
Summarize the main points in the lecture, explaining how they cast doubt on those made in the reading.
With China emerging as the economic superpower in the international arena in the late 1990s, more and more students in the U.S. are eager to follow the trend of learning Mandarin Chinese. Many learners who dare to battle this notoriously difficult language hope that the ability to speak Mandarin will help them to acquire a promising job with more preponderance. The fad of learning Mandarin has reached an unprecedented climax, which is demonstrated not only by Mandarin classes offered in schools, but also by the support of Federal government policies. A government survey indicates that roughly 1,600 American public and private schools are teaching Mandarin.
While Chinese programs were mostly offered on the East and West Coasts ten years ago, Chinese lessons have surged in the heartland states in the Midwest and the South over the recent few years. The academic status of the language was formalized in 2007 when the College Board introduced the Mandarin Advanced Placement test, encouraging more high school students to learn Mandarin. The educational input is further publicized by the“1 Million Strong” initiative announced by the Obama administration in 2015, targeting the number of 1 million U.S. learners of Mandarin by 2020. Besides school and government efforts, the linguistic interest is also sparked by more Chinese movie stars appearing in Hollywood movies, such as Jackie Chan in “Shanghai Noon” and Jet Li in “the Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor”.
請聽與短文相關的課堂內容 Track 13
Now listen to a lecture in a linguistics class regarding the Chinese learning phenomenon in the U.S.
(Professor) Nowadays, a lot of Americans are under the impression that being able to speak Mandarin will help lead to abundant opportunities in the world’s largest economy, China. Such a notion was partially built up by the stories about the migration of business elites to affluent Chinese cities. The recurring reports illustrating China as the new superpower have motivated high school and college students to learn Chinese. However, are the U.S. students actually zealous about learning Mandarin due to the reason aforementioned?
On the contrary, students’ interest in learning Mandarin is not as prevalent as some people think, and just as the heat of learning Japanese in the 1980s had faded, it’s only a matter of time that the trend of learning Mandarin will fade in the American educational system. First, over the past decade, a lot of public schools had no choice but to eliminate foreign language classes owing to state budget cuts. As schools are forced to cut down on their once popular European language classes, students simply have fewer foreign languages to choose from. Meanwhile, the Chinese government has been sending more Mandarin teachers to the U.S. and partially funding their salaries, which certainly came as a relieving subsidy to many schools with tight budgets.
Secondly, the linguistic fever might be seemingly fortified by the“1 Million Strong” initiative announced by President Obama in 2015. Let’s not forget that the initiative is a collaboration between the Chinese and U.S. governments, with substantial resources from China. Moreover, 1 million seems a large number, yet it barely accounts for 2% of the number of all of the U.S. students. Lastly, Hollywood movies reinforce the illusion of Chinese fever by incorporating Chinese actors, such as Jackie Chan and Jet Li, yet I seriously doubt that students are motivated to learn Mandarin by watching their performances, since they still play the stereotype of Chinese reminiscent of Bruce Lee. That is, they mainly serve to fight and kick.
高分範文搶先看 Track 14
Both the reading and the lecture describe the recent trend of acquiring Mandarin Chinese in the U.S. While the reading points out that the trend has achieved its zenith, the lecture opposes the main idea in the reading by arguing that U.S. students are not truly enthusiastic about learning Mandarin.
To begin with, the professor elaborates on the reason why more and more students in public schools begin taking Mandarin classes, which he attributes to the budget cuts that prevented schools from offering as many foreign language classes as before. During the same period, many schools accepted Mandarin teachers who were funded partly by the Chinese government so that budget cut pressure might be eased. On the contrary, the reading merely states that Mandarin classes are increasing in many states.
Secondly, the professor rebuts the pervasiveness of the Mandarin learning phenomenon indicated by the “1 Million Strong” initiative mentioned in the reading. He explicates that even after the number of Mandarin learners in the U.S. reaches 1 million, it will be a relatively low percentage, hardly 2% in the entire student population.
Thirdly, the reading suggests that people are encouraged to learn Mandarin under the influence of Chinese movie stars in Hollywood, which the lecture refutes by claiming that those actors play stereotypical roles of Chinese characters. 閱讀篇章及課堂演講都描述在美國近年來學習中文普通話的趨勢。雖然閱讀篇章指出此趨勢已達到近期的高峰，然而課堂演講反駁閱讀篇章的主題，且宣稱美國學生並非真的熱衷於中文學習。
首先，教授詳細闡述越來越多公立學校的學生開始上中文課的原因；他將其歸因於預算縮減，導致學校無法提供像以往那麼多的外文課程。同時間，許多學校接納了由中國政府部分資助的普通話老師，目的是舒緩預算刪減的壓力。相反地，閱讀篇章只單純描述普通話課程在許多州都持續增加。
第二，教授反駁了閱讀篇章中「百萬強計畫」暗示的學習普通話流行現象。他解釋即使美國的普通話學習者達到一百萬的數量，這仍是相對低的比率，幾乎勉強達到所有學生人口的2%。
第三，閱讀提及人們在好萊塢演出的中國電影明星影響下，會被激勵而開始學普通話。課堂演講針對此點駁斥，並主張那些演員擔任的仍是刻板印象的中國角色。
高分範文解析
關鍵句1
While the reading points out that the trend has reached its zenith, the lecture opposes the main idea in the reading by arguing that U.S. students are not truly enthusiastic about learning Mandarin.
解析
綜合題型在第一段須開門見山地描述閱讀和聽力內容兩者間的關聯。以上這句即是此篇範文的主旨句(thesis statement)。此兩篇題目的內容為主要觀點的牴觸，因此主旨句應使用表達兩個子句大意有所落差或對照的從屬連接詞，如while、whereas、notwithstanding……等從屬連接詞。
關鍵句2
To begin with, the professor elaborates on the reason why more and more students in public schools begin taking Mandarin classes, which he attributes to the budget cuts that prevented schools from offering as many foreign language classes as before.
解析
作文要獲取高分必須盡量使用正式的動詞片語及複雜句。如以上範例使用動詞片語：elaborate on / attribute to / prevent … from…，並利用形容詞子句濃縮課堂講述的重點。
閱讀短文中譯
請總結課堂講述的重點，並解釋它們如何對閱讀短文的重點提出質疑。
隨著中國以經濟強權之姿在九零年代後期的國際舞台上嶄露頭角，越來越多的美國學生渴望加入這股學習普通話中文的趨勢。許多敢挑戰這個以困難出名的語言的學習者希望的是，會說普通話的能力能幫助他們有更多優勢取得前景看好的工作。學習普通話的流行近來達到前所未有的高峰，從學校提供的普通話課程及聯邦政府政策的支持都彰顯了這趨勢。一項政府調查指出大約一千六百所美國公立及私立學校正在教普通話。十年前大部分的中文課程是在東岸及西岸地區被提供，然而在過去幾年，中文課程在中西部和南部各州急速增加。當大學入學委員會在2007年開始提供普通話入學檢定考，此舉奠定了普通話正式的學術地位，並鼓勵更多高中生學這語言。當歐巴馬政府在2015年宣佈了「百萬強計畫」，教育界的挹注更為眾所皆知，此計畫的目標是在2020年之前，提升美國境內的普通話學習者數量達到一百萬人。除了學校和政府的努力，更多中國電影明星參與好萊塢電影，如成龍演出「西域威龍 (“Shanghai Noon”)」及李連杰演出「神鬼傳奇3：龍帝之墓 (“the Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor”)」，他們的表演也會激發對中文的興趣。
課堂講述中譯
現在請聽一篇關於在美國中文學習現況的語言學課堂講述。
當今很多美國人都認為會說中文普通話能協助他們取得各式各樣在中國發展的機會，中國已是世界上最大的經濟體。這種觀念一部分是由商務菁英的故事建構而成，這些故事都是關於商務菁英搬移到富裕的中國城市。描繪中國為新興超級強權的報導不斷出現，且這些報導激勵了高中生和大學生學中文。然而，美國學生確實是因為以上提及的原因而熱衷於學習普通話嗎？
相反地，學生對普通話的興趣不如大多數人想的那麼普及；就如同1980年代美國人學日文的熱潮已經消退，在美國教育體系裡，學普通話的風潮遲早也會消退。首先，在過去十年內，由於州政府預算削減，許多公立學校不得不刪減外文課程。既然學校被迫刪減曾經備受歡迎的歐語系課程，學生對外語課程的選擇自然地隨之被限縮。同時間中國政府派遣更多普通話老師到美國，並負責提供老師們的部份薪水。對預算緊縮的學校而言，這些中國政府支援的老師和來自中國的補助的確緩解他們的預算窘況。
第二，這股語言熱潮似乎因歐巴馬總統在2015年宣布的「百萬強計畫」獲得加強。別忘了這個計畫是中國及美國政府的合作計畫，由中方提供大量的資源。此外，一百萬似乎是一筆很大的數字，但只幾乎佔了美國總學生數量的2%。最後，好萊塢電影融入中國電影明星，例如成龍和李連杰，加深了中文風潮的不實印象。我嚴重懷疑學生會因為看了這些明星演出，就被激勵出學中文的興趣，因為這些演員扮演的角色，仍是好萊塢對中國人的刻板印象，讓人聯想到李小龍扮演的那種刻板印象。也就是說，他們主要的功能是展現拳腳功夫。
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