章節試閱
Intraspecific competition and interspecific competition
整合能力強化
Complete each sentence with correct ending
將文中提到的人物和生物與相關的敘述進行配對
1. Plants in the tropical forests
2. Species have grown to a certain height
3. Species staying below the canopy of the forest
4. Intraspecific competition
5. Interspecific competition
6. The same species
7. A favorable advantage in height or power
8. Mating opportunity and territory
9. Competition among cubs
10. Loot apprehended by female lions
11. When food resources are plentiful
12. When food resources are finite
13. The level of competition
14. Cheetahs and hyenas
15. Geographical changes
16. Male lions
17. Winning challengers
18. The offspring
19. Harmed bodies
20. A sharp jaw
21. Humans
22. Female lions
A. is the representative of the intraspecific competition
B. so that they are capable of getting enough sunlight
C. refers to competition among different species
D. it will pose dangers to some cubs
E. will be influenced by something like the thickness of the population in a herd
F. will lead to competition among lion herds
G. need light from the sun so they are competing the identical resource
H. are something that species are competing against
I. are competing with members of the same sex
J. will get significantly less sunlight
K. refers to competition among the same species
L. will supercede the role of the herd owner
M. will have the doomed fate
N. can increase the survival rate
O. can be quite tolerant with one another
P. will be something young lions are competing with
Q. intraspecific competition can be minimal
R. are competing food resources with other carnivores
S. will do female lions no good
T. is something heynas are equipped with
U. might deem hyenas’ stealing as something unfair
V. are not that sizable when compared with hyenas
Unit 3 句子簡化題：動物族群過剩
If this occurs in the region where there is no human interference, the problem of overpopulation will eventually end when there is depletion of food resources. Without sufficient food resources, the population will experience a dramatic decrease, but when this occurs in places where humans live, additional forces will be added to revert the situation since a non-native species often causes serious problems for the region. Often the solution will be introducing another natural predator of that species to control the overpopulation.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Unlike most species, a non-native species which experiences explosive growth in places where humans live will be regulated by extra forces, since it can create detrimental problems.
(B) The outcome for the population will be quite different if humans are involved.
(C) If there is human interference, overpopulated species will be regulated by extra forces, such as an introduction of a non-native species.
(D) Under normal circumstances, the population will dwindle, if it experiences a depletion of resources, but a non-native species which experiences explosive growth will revert the situation in the places where humans live.
Australian animals were faced with intense intraspecific competition with rabbits since they were relatively mild. The inability to compete with the so-called invasive species, the European rabbits would lead to a decline in other species and make this method useless since foxes were more inclined to eat sluggish Australian animals. Eventually, most Australian animals experienced starvation, and the ecological loss was unimaginable and unbearable for Australia.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) The preference to eat sluggish Australian animals is a result of the evolution because foxes were more prone to eating them.
(B) Under the rule of the survival of the fittest, the European rabbits have more chances to live since foxes were more inclined to eat lazy Australian animals.
(C) The scheme for using a natural predator as a way to control the overpopulation of the European rabbits deemed fruitless, since lethargic nature made Australian rabbits favored by predators.
(D) Sluggish Australian animals were not competitive so that they could not compete with the European rabbits; thus, they are useless to experts.
資訊歸納題
Directions: Complete the table below to summarize the information about female lions and female sloth bears as discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the listed animals.
Sloth Bears
Lions
Answer Choices
A. adopt a loose approach by letting other species take care of the young.
B. know how to hide their infants from predators.
C. has a less well-structured system, but still can protect their cubs from dangers.
D. can learn the ability to hunt from their mothers during an early stage of their lives.
E. are able to get the protection with the group, if living in a pride.
F. can stay on the back of their mother’s back for a certain amount of time
G. are enviable in the eyes of other creatures, since their parents do not show extensive care.
Unit 4 修辭目的題：剋星 Nemesis
1. A depiction of _____ and _______ in the novel is suddenly the __________ of getting trapped in the _________.
2. Chou Bao Tung was fooled by Zhao Zhi Jing and then got stung by a ___________.
3. The spider has ____ colors and are so __________ that people cannot seem to discover a ___________.
4. From the understanding of the _____________ ___________ manufactured by the spider, _________ are sure that Chou will get killed.
5. What rascals fail to take into account is Xiaolongnu understands the foundation of the _____________.
6. She comes up with a ________ solution. Chou’s pain is eased by the _________ produced by bees.
7. The tremendous ______ _______ is destroyed by groups of ____________.
8. From changes of Chou’s body, they are able to conclude that an ________ for the spider bite is bees’ venom.
9. The story successfully uses bees as _______.
10. Tarantulas are able to capure snakes by ____________.
Unit 5 資訊歸納題 ：母性本能和對子女的養育
改寫或摘要
1. In Africa, for example, carnivores roam on the savanna and sometimes cubs after being born have little protection from their moms. Other times, it is because parents are starting to learn about how to be one. It is not some innate skill. Take lions, for example, older ones are professional and experienced. They know how to hide the cubs from other predators, such as hyenas and cheetahs. They cover up smell of the cubs so that predators will not find them. Younger lions are less experienced, and a lousy one can sometimes find its young not in the place she hides them. The likelihood of the young getting eaten by other predators is exceedingly high especially after searching for a long time.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. In the lion world, some mothers exhibit greater strength than mothers in the pride. Raising the cub without the protection of a pride of lions is pretty like a single mom raising kids without a father in the human world. It is an admirable trait that people find it commendable. Pressure is high for individual female lions living without a pride, especially having a cub to raise and worry about. Foods captured by female lions can be stolen by nosy and opportunistic animals, such as hyenas. A well-structured lion system can successfully guard cubs from the danger of carnivores and prevent things such as foods from being stolen.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Intraspecific competition and interspecific competition
整合能力強化
Complete each sentence with correct ending
將文中提到的人物和生物與相關的敘述進行配對
1. Plants in the tropical forests
2. Species have grown to a certain height
3. Species staying below the canopy of the forest
4. Intraspecific competition
5. Interspecific competition
6. The same species
7. A favorable advantage in height or power
8. Mating opportunity and territory
9. Competition among cubs
10. Loot apprehended b...
作者序
新托福閱讀包含了十種閱讀題型，其中詞彙題和代名詞指代題是最易得分的項目。詞彙題僅牽涉到是否背過該字彙、了解該字彙的同反義字，而更進階或較難的可能需要再閱讀該字的文句，理解下上下文意後就能答對。代名詞指代題則是理解各式在國小、國中即學過的代名詞，並理解該代名詞在前後文句中指代的名詞為何就能答對該題，其中僅須注意別被文句中其他干擾選項影響答題即可。這兩類的題型，很容易掌握而且當中未牽涉需要太多的思考或跨篇章理解文句後才能判題的部分。在新托福閱讀測驗中，這兩類題型的題數也多，對於基礎型學習者更能藉由這類的題型和答對題數累積信心，較不會因為寫完一整回官方試題後，錯的題數過多而影響備考心情。在書中，將這兩類題型合併成新托福初階篇的內容，每個單元中包含了一小段的閱讀文章，每篇閱讀文章都包含了題數總數六題的詞彙題和代名詞指代題。每回的解析中更包含了每個題目中的同、反義字擴充，熟記這些必考字能大幅提升應試能力。每個小段落都附錄音且每單元與單元的文章是連續性的，可以當成故事在讀，並藉由搭配音檔練習強化由聽段落記憶當中的字彙和理解該字的用法。
在練習完這些大量的詞彙題和代名詞指代題後，考生在漸進式地演練其他難度更高的閱讀題型。也就是書中規劃的新托福閱讀中階篇。這個篇章包含的細節資訊題、否定事實題、推論題、進階詞彙題和一部分在初階篇未提到的代名詞指代題。這個篇章規劃的長篇式的閱讀，文章內容選取的是希臘神話故事，且文章長度和題型設計遠超過官方試題中的單篇文章。每篇文章的搭配題目總共有40題，考生可以藉由這部分訓練自己的閱讀速度和掌握更多同、反義字彙。對於喜歡寫詞彙題的考生可以在這部分找到相對應的滿足感和信心。
此外，這個篇章中其實很重要的部分是了解文章主要架構，對於希臘神話故事或其他類型的文章，理解主要的發生事件和每個事件主要的人物，其實相對地掌握了故事細節和文章脈絡。這樣一來其實，出題者在細節資訊題、否定事實題、推論題如何變化其實都不會影響考生答題。當中還需注意的部分有干擾選項以及掌握更多的同義字轉換，選項跟文意表達很多時候是同義字句的改寫，這個能力的提升也能相對地提升其他題型的答題能力。
高階篇則介紹較需要掌握更多閱讀技巧和一定閱讀能力才能答好的題型。這類的題型包含了句子簡化題、插入句子題、修辭目的題、內容總結題和資訊歸納題。句子簡化題從需要掌握從詞彙本身的同義字轉換進階到一整個長句的理解。由時候答題還會需要理解整個段落或前後文句，選項中常會有其他干擾選項，再加上有時候是長難句，考生較不熟悉，所以在答這個類型的題目會花費更多的時間。答這個類型的題目其中最主要的部份是理解主要子句或主要題幹意思，就能不被干擾選項干擾到。
插入句子題則是考驗考生對於理解前後文句的能力。也有部分考生很懼怕這類的題型，或常看到其他選項有類似的關鍵字就選了該選項，變成是在猜題，而非理解後去選該選項。這類型的題型有許多小技巧可以有效提升，例如該句的主詞是複數，則下個句子的代名詞會是複數即they，這樣就能準確定位出可能是插入該句，並在插入後理解跟上下文是否符合，像這樣的答題是利用已知的文法協助答題（更多的部分請看書中介紹XD）。
修辭目的題其實最主要的是了解寫作者寫這個字、句等的目的，作者在這個段落中寫出這個字或句都是有目的的，可能是要提醒讀者或者是對於某個現象感到吃驚，算是比較隱含意思方面的理解，書中是由一篇自然現象來介紹這個題型，可以一次演練數個修辭目的題。另外要注意的是要避免將正確答案與段落中提過的訊息混淆到而選錯了。再來是內容總結題，這部分其實沒有想像中難，可以回歸到學習閱讀一個句子時，每個句子都會有較不重要的部分（minor details）或支持性的細節（supporting details），其實在看完一整列選項後，刪除這兩部分，就能看到康莊大道，選出正確答案，而主要提到的部分其實就剩那幾個選項。
最後的題型是資訊歸納題，其實這部分和聽力與閱讀關聯性極高，都是考驗學習者在聽或讀完一個段落後能否將文中提到的主要人物、動物或現象等，與各個段落中提到的相關訊息做出搭配。書籍中的閱讀文章均附音檔，所以也可以用聽的訓練自己聽完一篇文章後能否將聽到的訊息做出歸類。
書籍中除了介紹十個新托福考試題型外，在每個題型外，均設計了整合能力強化的架構，包含了便於考生閱讀的中英對照的設計，考生可以搭配音檔聽，並記憶字彙和長句，強化寫作能力。有些單元另加上了區分主要事件和人物、列出同、反義字、同義字長句改寫的填空練習、配對題等，最後的宗旨都是協助考生理解其他考點和由其他題型設計強化閱讀能力，最終獲取理想成績。最後要感謝倍斯特出版給予本人出書機會並祝考生都能在最短時間內獲取理想成績。
韋爾 敬上
新托福閱讀 編者序
這本新托福閱讀打破傳統上以單一題型搭配題目的方式或一篇文章搭配試題的介紹方式，改以拆成數個漸進式的架構，例如詞彙搭配代名詞指代的設計，讓最基礎的學習者能夠迅速累積信心、降低挫折感並快速累積一定量的必考同反義字彙。每個篇章都可以當成是一個故事在閱讀，例如新托福初階篇的所有單元其實是一篇關於海洋生物跟海洋的小故事，考生可以藉由音檔搭配聆聽每個篇章的內容，記憶更多字彙、累積更多佳句，在寫作測驗上更無往不利。
除此之外，考生可以在練習完所有試題後，演練整合能力架構的題型，藉由非新托福測驗的題型檢視自己的閱讀理解力，例如段落長句以同義表達改寫成的填空題就檢測了考生對改寫句的理解力，這部分其實就會影響到考生答句子簡化題和其他類型的題目。而配對題則考驗考生對細節的掌握，加強考生歸類訊息的能力。這部分的練習也能無形中強化考生答新托福測驗中的細節資訊題和資訊歸納題等等。此外，配對題的選項也是經由改寫，改寫成與文章段落近似的意思，也能檢視出考生對同義改寫句的理解，這部分也影響了考生答內容總結題等題型。經由一般考題和整合題型的淬鍊後，相信考生都能脫胎換骨，一次性地考取心中理想學校。
倍斯特編輯部 敬上
新托福閱讀包含了十種閱讀題型，其中詞彙題和代名詞指代題是最易得分的項目。詞彙題僅牽涉到是否背過該字彙、了解該字彙的同反義字，而更進階或較難的可能需要再閱讀該字的文句，理解下上下文意後就能答對。代名詞指代題則是理解各式在國小、國中即學過的代名詞，並理解該代名詞在前後文句中指代的名詞為何就能答對該題，其中僅須注意別被文句中其他干擾選項影響答題即可。這兩類的題型，很容易掌握而且當中未牽涉需要太多的思考或跨篇章理解文句後才能判題的部分。在新托福閱讀測驗中，這兩類題型的題數也多，對於基礎型學習者更能藉由這...
目錄
Part 1 新托福初階：詞彙和代名詞指代
Unit 1-19 動物間的捉迷藏 1-19
PART 2 新托福中階：詞彙、代名詞指代、細節和否定資訊題和推論題
Unit 1金蘋果和海倫 Golden Apple and Helen
Test 1
Unit 2特洛伊戰爭 Trojan Wars
Test 2
PART 3 新托福高階：插入句子、修辭目的題、資訊歸納題、簡化句子題和內容總結題
Unit 1插入句子題：邁向成功的道路 The Road to Success
Test 3
Unit 2 資訊歸納題：種內競爭和種間競爭
Intraspecific competition and interspecific competition
Test 4
Unit 3 句子簡化題：動物族群過剩Animal overpopulation
Test 5
Unit 4 修辭目的題：剋星 Nemesis
Test 6
Unit 5 資訊歸納題 ：母性本能和對子女的養育 Maternal Instinct and Parenting
Test 7
Unit 6 內容總結題：龍蝦與人類 Lobsters and Human beings
Test 8
Part 1 新托福初階：詞彙和代名詞指代
Unit 1-19 動物間的捉迷藏 1-19
PART 2 新托福中階：詞彙、代名詞指代、細節和否定資訊題和推論題
Unit 1金蘋果和海倫 Golden Apple and Helen
Test 1
Unit 2特洛伊戰爭 Trojan Wars
Test 2
PART 3 新托福高階：插入句子、修辭目的題、資訊歸納題、簡化句子題和內容總結題
Unit 1插入句子題：邁向成功的道路 The Road to Success
Test 3
Unit 2 資訊歸納題：種內競爭和種間競爭
Intraspecific competition and interspecific competition
Test 4
Unit 3 句子簡化題：動...
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