Introduction　1

Chapter 1. Federal Judicial Power　3
　Section 1. Judicial Review　3
　　MARBURY v. MADISON　4
　Section 2. Constitutional Interpretation　13
　　McCULLOCH v. MARYLAND　14
　Section 3. Limits on Judicial Review: Political Questions　23
　　BAKER v. CARR　25
　　NIXON v. UNITED STATES　29
　Section 4. Limits on Judicial Review: Standing　32
　　ALLEN v. WRIGHT　33
　　LUJAN v. DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE　41

Chapter 2. Federal Legislative Power　53
　Section 1. The Commerce Clause　53
　　GIBBONS v. OGDEN　55
　　WICKARD v. FILBURN　57
　　UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ　60
　　UNITED STATES v. MORRISON　70
　　GONZALES v. RAICH　78
　Section 2. Taxing and Spending Powers　91
　　UNITED STATES v. BUTLER　92
　　SABRI v. UNITED STATES　95
　　NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS v. SEBELIUS　99
　　BAILEY v. DREXEL FURNITURE CO.　113
　Section 3. Necessary and Proper Clause　119
　　UNITED STATES v. COMSTOCK　120

Chapter 3. Federal Executive Power　137
　Section 1. Inherent Presidential Power　137
　　YOUNGSTOWN SHEET & TUBE CO. v. SAWYER　137
　Section 2. Congress’ Delegation　147
　　A. L. A. SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP. v. UNITED STATES　149
　　PANAMA REFINING CO. v. RYAN　152
　　IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE v. CHADHA　160
　　KING v. BURWELL　169
　Section 3. War and Foreign Affairs　186
　　UNITED STATES v. CURTISS-WRIGHT EXPORT CORP.　186
　　HAMDI v. RUMSFELD　189
　Section 4. Executive Privilege　202
　　UNITED STATES v. NIXON　203
　Section 5. Presidential Immunity　208
　　NIXON v. FITZGERALD　208
　　CLINTON v. JONES　212

Chapter 4. Federalism and the Tenth Amendment　219
　Section 1. The Tenth Amendment　219
　　UNITED STATES v. DARBY　220
　　GARCIA v. SAN ANTONIO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT AUTHORITY　223
　　NEW YORK v. UNITED STATES　239
　Section 2. Conditions on Grants to State Governments　253
　　SOUTH DAKOTA v. DOLE　254

Chapter 5. The Bill of Rights and the Civil War Amendments　263
　Section 1. Bill of Rights　264
　Section 2. The Civil War Amendments　266
　　UNITED STATES v. STANLEY (THE CIVIL RIGHTS CASES)　267
　Section 3. The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights　275
　　PALKO v. CONNECTICUT　276
　　DUNCAN v. LOUISIANA　278

Chapter 6. Due Process of Law　285
　Section 1. Procedural Due Process　285
　　GOLDBERG v. KELLY　286
　　CLEVELAND BOARD OF EDUCATION v. LOUDERMILL　290
　　MATHEWS v. ELDRIDGE　293
　Section 2. Substantive Due Process: Non-Fundamental Rights　299
　　LOCHNER v. NEW YORK　301
　　WILLIAMSON v. LEE OPTICAL CO.　307
　　KELO v. CITY OF NEW LONDON　310
　　KOONTZ v. ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT　320
　　ALLIED STRUCTURAL STEEL CO. v. SPANNAUS　328
　　KAHLER v. KANSAS　334
　Section 3. Substantive Due Process: Privacy　340
　　GRISWOLD v. CONNECTICUT　343
　　ROE v. WADE　349
　　PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHEASTRN PA. v. CASEY　354
　　WHOLE WOMAN’S HEALTH v. HELLERSTEDT　369
　　JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES LLC v. RUSSO　377
　　LAWRENCE v. TEXAS　380
　　OBERGEFELL v. HODGES　389
　　WASHINGTON v. GLUCKSBERG　407

Chapter 7. Equal Protection of the Laws　417
　Section 1. Introduction　417
　Section 2. Economic and Social Laws—The “Mere Rationality” Test　417
　　U.S. RAILROAD RETIREMENT BD. v. FRITZ　418
　Section 3. Suspect Classifications: Race　425
　　1. The Unconstitutionality of Racial Segregation　425
　　　BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION　426
　　2. Racially Discriminatory Purpose and Effect　430
　　　WASHINGTON v. DAVIS　430
　　3. Affirmative Action and Race Preferences　437
　　　GRUTTER v. BOLLINGER　438
　　　FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TAXAS AT AUSTIN (FISHER I)　446
　　　FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN (FISHER II)　449
　　　RICHMOND v. J.A. CROSON CO.　456
　Section 4. Suspect Classification: National Origin　470
　　KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES　470
　Section 5. Suspect Classification: Alienage　475
　　PLYLER v. DOE　476
　Section 6. Other Classifications　480
　　1. Gender and Illegitimacy　481
　　　CRAIG v. BOREN　481
　　　UNITED STATES v. VIRGINIA　486
　　2. Disability, Age and Wealth　497
　　　CLEBURNE v. CLEBURNE LIVING CENTER, INC.　497
　　3. Sexual Orientation　506
　　　ROMER v. EVANS　507
　Section 7. Fundamental Rights　516
　　REYNOLDS v. SIMS　517
　　M.L.B. v. S.L.J.　522

Chapter 8. Freedom of Speech　529
　Section 1. Introduction　529
　　UNITED STATES v. STEVENS　530
　Section 2. Advocacy of Imminent Lawless Action　535
　　BRANDENBURG v. OHIO　535
　Section 3. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences　537
　　COHEN v. CALIFORNIA　538
　Section 4. Injury to Reputation and Sensibility　541
　　1. Libel　541
　　　NEW YORK TIMES CO. v. SULLIVAN　542
　　2. Tortious Speech　548
　　　SNYDER v. PHELPS　549
　　3. Hate Speech　557
　　　VIRGINIA v. BLACK　557
　Section 5. Obscenity　564
　　MILLER v. CALIFORNIA　565
　　GINSBERG v. NEW YORK　569
　Section 6. Commercial Speech　574
　　44 LIQUORMART, INC. v. RHODE ISLAND　575
　Section 7. Different Standards of Review for Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulations　584
　　UNITED STATES v. O’BRIEN　585
　　TEXAS v. JOHNSON　591
　　MATAL v. TAM　598
　　IANCU v. BRUNETTI　603
　Section 8. Regulation of Political Contribution, Expenditure, and Activity　607
　　CITIZENS UNITED v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION　607

Chapter 9. Freedom of Association and Press　617
　Section 1. Freedom of Association　617
　　NAACP v. ALABAMA　617
　Section 2. Freedom of Press　621
　　NEW YORK TIMES CO. v. UNITED STATES　622
　　BRANZBURG v. HAYES　630

Chapter 10. Freedom of Religion　637
　Section 1. The Establishment Clause　637
　　EDWARDS v. AGUILLARD　638
　　ZELMAN v. SIMMONS-HARRIS　644
　Section 2. The Free Exercise of Religion　654
　　CHURCH OF THE LUKUMI BABALU AYE v. CITY OF HIALEAH　655
　　EMPLOYMENT DIVISION, DEPT. OF HUMAN RESOURCES v. SMITH　660

Appendix　669
　The Constitution of the United States　669

Introduction　1

Chapter 1. Federal Judicial Power　3
　Section 1. Judicial Review　3
　　MARBURY v. MADISON　4
　Section 2. Constitutional Interpretation　13
　　McCULLOCH v. MARYLAND　14
　Section 3. Limits on Judicial Review: Political Questions　23
　　BAKER v. CARR　25
　　NIXON v. UNITED STATES　29
　Section 4. Limits on Judicial Review: Standing　32
　　ALLEN v. WRIGHT　33
　　LUJAN v. DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE　41

Chapter 2. Federal Legislative Power　53
　Section 1. The Co...